Studies of the Dependence of Solute type and Concentration on the Surface Structure of Ice

We propose to conduct studies of the relative amounts of solid and liquid water in ice as a function of temperature and ionic composition, and how solutes such as Na+ and NO3- partition into the surface water layer. This will be done using solid state NMR focusing on 23Na and 15N measurements in NaCl and NaNO3-/H20 ice matrices. For this work we will use primarily the 300 and 500MHz instruments.